Basis Weight Prediction Using Optical Transmissivity and Caliper Data

For decades, the paper industry has relied on beta-radiation gauges to measure basis weight, one of the most important quality parameters in paper, board and nonwoven products. In a recent bachelor’s thesis conducted by Nuutti Loikkanen at Tapio Measurement Technologies, we explored an approach for predicting basis weight by combining high-resolution optical transmissivity data with thickness (caliper) measurements through multiple regression analysis.

Using the Tapio Analyzer and Tapio Analysis software, the study examined four different paper grades, including uncoated paper, gypsum board liner, and coated food-grade paper. Three separate regression models were developed and evaluated to determine whether the combination of physical thickness and optical density measurements could compensate for the natural variation caused by fiber orientation, fillers, and other paper structure phenomena.

Paper web passing over rollers under multiple inline sensors, with distances (d₁, d₂) shown between sensors to illustrate synchronized measurement of the same point in the sheet.
The Tapio Analyzer measures multiple quality parameters non-desructively from the same physical point in paper with millimeter-level sampling step and small aperture sizes. This enables parameter correlation studies.
Line graph comparing true basis weight values with two estimation methods across distance measurements. The transmission-only and transmission-plus-caliper estimates closely follow the true basis weight curve between 70 and 81 g/m².
Comparison between true basis weight and regression-based estimates using optical transmissivity and combined transmissivity–caliper measurements.

The results show that the best-performing linear models including caliper data improved channel correlation by up to seven percentage points compared to linear models using transmission measurements alone. As expected due to increased light scattering in thicker papers, the study shows that caliper data contains complementary information for transmission-based basis weight estimation.

The thesis is written in Finnish. The full report is available here.

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